在这个wiki帖子中，公布了Thinkpad笔记本电脑上FreeBSD内核配置和一些基本的设置，目的是为了让更多的初学者能在最短的时间上手FreeBSD。FreeBSD是目前最好的免费OS之一，但愿它在开源之路上不断壮大。
在学习使用FreeBSD的过程中，我受益于网上众多的科普贴和坛子里朋友们的帮助。作为回馈，但愿我的这些小小的心得体会也能对他人有所帮助。
为什么选 Thinkpad？
FreeBSD 似乎比较青睐 Thinkpad, 提供了很多驱动和应用，例如 tpb 等。另外，在 /boot/loader.conf 里加入
acpi_video_load="YES" acpi_ibm_load="YES"
就可以加载 acpi 支持。众所周知，FreeBSD 对 acpi 的支持一直是其诟病。可见 FreeBSD 对 Thinkpad 的“爱护”。当然，其他品牌的笔记本电脑，FreeBSD 也是相当支持的（我不是 Lenovo 的托儿）。我看 freebsd 对笔记本电脑的支持列表 http://laptop.bsdgroup.de/freebsd/，其中 Thinkpads 较多。而 FreeBSD 对 T42 的支持是 100%（不过休眠待机功能不work。。。）。所以，网上有人问买什么笔记本装 FreeBSD 最合适，一般的回答是 old Thinkpads of T, X, R series.
从做工上看，实话实说，现在的 Thinkpad 大不如从前了。Thinkpad T42 曾数次掉到地上，啥事也没有，捡起来接着用。2011 年底，我刚买了台 X220，看它的样子，我担心摔一次就彻底完蛋。不知 X220 能否像 T42 一样让我从来不为机器和操作系统担心，但愿事遂人愿。
FreeBSD 9.1 内核文件
为了初学者装机方便，我把我的Thinkpad笔记本电脑上的 FreeBSD 9.1 内核文件贴出来。该配置还在Thinkpad X61、X200上试验过，都是没问题的。
#cpu I486_CPU
#cpu I586_CPU
cpu I686_CPU
ident X200
#makeoptions DEBUG=-g # Build kernel with gdb(1) debug symbols
#makeoptions WITH_CTF=1 # Run ctfconvert(1) for DTrace support
options SCHED_ULE # ULE scheduler
options PREEMPTION # Enable kernel thread preemption
options INET # InterNETworking
options INET6 # IPv6 communications protocols
options SCTP # Stream Control Transmission Protocol
options FFS # Berkeley Fast Filesystem
options SOFTUPDATES # Enable FFS soft updates support
options UFS_ACL # Support for access control lists
options UFS_DIRHASH # Improve performance on big directories
options UFS_GJOURNAL # Enable gjournal-based UFS journaling
options QUOTA # Enable disk quotas for UFS
#options MD_ROOT # MD is a potential root device
#options NFSCL # New Network Filesystem Client
#options NFSD # New Network Filesystem Server
#options NFSLOCKD # Network Lock Manager
#options NFS_ROOT # NFS usable as /, requires NFSCL
#options MSDOSFS # MSDOS Filesystem
#options CD9660 # ISO 9660 Filesystem
options PROCFS # Process filesystem (requires PSEUDOFS)
options PSEUDOFS # Pseudo-filesystem framework
options GEOM_PART_GPT # GUID Partition Tables.
options GEOM_RAID # Soft RAID functionality.
options GEOM_LABEL # Provides labelization
#options COMPAT_FREEBSD4 # Compatible with FreeBSD4
#options COMPAT_FREEBSD5 # Compatible with FreeBSD5
#options COMPAT_FREEBSD6 # Compatible with FreeBSD6
#options COMPAT_FREEBSD7 # Compatible with FreeBSD7
#options SCSI_DELAY=5000 # Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI
#options KTRACE # ktrace(1) support
options STACK # stack(9) support
options SYSVSHM # SYSV-style shared memory
options SYSVMSG # SYSV-style message queues
options SYSVSEM # SYSV-style semaphores
options _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING # POSIX P1003_1B real-time extensions
options PRINTF_BUFR_SIZE=128 # Prevent printf output being interspersed.
options KBD_INSTALL_CDEV # install a CDEV entry in /dev
options HWPMC_HOOKS # Necessary kernel hooks for hwpmc(4)
options AUDIT # Security event auditing
#options MAC # TrustedBSD MAC Framework
#options KDTRACE_HOOKS # Kernel DTrace hooks
options INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE # Include this file in kernel
options KDB # Kernel debugger related code
options KDB_TRACE # Print a stack trace for a panic
options DDB_CTF # kernel ELF linker loads CTF data
# To make an SMP kernel, the next two lines are needed
options SMP # Symmetric MultiProcessor Kernel
device apic # I/O APIC
# CPU frequency control
#device cpufreq
# Bus support.
device acpi
#device eisa
device pci
# Floppy drives
#device fdc
# ATA controllers
device ahci # AHCI-compatible SATA controllers
#device ata # Legacy ATA/SATA controllers
#options ATA_CAM # Handle legacy controllers with CAM
#options ATA_STATIC_ID # Static device numbering
#device mvs # Marvell 88SX50XX/88SX60XX/88SX70XX/SoC SATA
#device siis # SiliconImage SiI3124/SiI3132/SiI3531 SATA
# SCSI Controllers
#device ahb # EISA AHA1742 family
#device ahc # AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices
#options AHC_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
# output. Adds ~128k to driver.
#device ahd # AHA39320/29320 and onboard AIC79xx devices
#options AHD_REG_PRETTY_PRINT # Print register bitfields in debug
# output. Adds ~215k to driver.
#device esp # AMD Am53C974 (Tekram DC-390(T))
#device hptiop # Highpoint RocketRaid 3xxx series
#device isp # Qlogic family
#device ispfw # Firmware for QLogic HBAs- normally a module
#device mpt # LSI-Logic MPT-Fusion
#device ncr # NCR/Symbios Logic
#device sym # NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets + those of `ncr')
#device trm # Tekram DC395U/UW/F DC315U adapters
#device adv # Advansys SCSI adapters
#device adw # Advansys wide SCSI adapters
#device aha # Adaptec 154x SCSI adapters
#device aic # Adaptec 15[012]x SCSI adapters, AIC-6[23]60.
#device bt # Buslogic/Mylex MultiMaster SCSI adapters
#device ncv # NCR 53C500
#device nsp # Workbit Ninja SCSI-3
#device stg # TMC 18C30/18C50
#device isci # Intel C600 SAS controller
# ATA/SCSI peripherals
device scbus # SCSI bus (required for ATA/SCSI)
#device ch # SCSI media changers
device da # Direct Access (disks)
#device sa # Sequential Access (tape etc)
#device cd # CD
device pass # Passthrough device (direct ATA/SCSI access)
#device ses # Enclosure Services (SES and SAF-TE)
#device ctl # CAM Target Layer
# RAID controllers interfaced to the SCSI subsystem
#device amr # AMI MegaRAID
#device arcmsr # Areca SATA II RAID
#device asr # DPT SmartRAID V, VI and Adaptec SCSI RAID
#device ciss # Compaq Smart RAID 5*
#device dpt # DPT Smartcache III, IV - See NOTES for options
#device hptmv # Highpoint RocketRAID 182x
#device hptrr # Highpoint RocketRAID 17xx, 22xx, 23xx, 25xx
#device hpt27xx # Highpoint RocketRAID 27xx
#device iir # Intel Integrated RAID
#device ips # IBM (Adaptec) ServeRAID
#device mly # Mylex AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID
#device twa # 3ware 9000 series PATA/SATA RAID
#device tws # LSI 3ware 9750 SATA+SAS 6Gb/s RAID controller
# RAID controllers
#device aac # Adaptec FSA RAID
#device aacp # SCSI passthrough for aac (requires CAM)
#device ida # Compaq Smart RAID
#device mfi # LSI MegaRAID SAS
#device mlx # Mylex DAC960 family
#device pst # Promise Supertrak SX6000
#device twe # 3ware ATA RAID
# atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse
device atkbdc # AT keyboard controller
device atkbd # AT keyboard
device psm # PS/2 mouse
device kbdmux # keyboard multiplexer
device vga # VGA video card driver
options VESA # Add support for VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE)
device splash # Splash screen and screen saver support
# syscons is the default console driver, resembling an SCO console
device sc
options SC_PIXEL_MODE # add support for the raster text mode
device agp # support several AGP chipsets
# Power management support (see NOTES for more options)
#device apm
# Add suspend/resume support for the i8254.
device pmtimer
# PCCARD (PCMCIA) support
# PCMCIA and cardbus bridge support
device cbb # cardbus (yenta) bridge
device pccard # PC Card (16-bit) bus
device cardbus # CardBus (32-bit) bus
# Serial (COM) ports
#device uart # Generic UART driver
# Parallel port
device ppc
device ppbus # Parallel port bus (required)
#device lpt # Printer
#device plip # TCP/IP over parallel
#device ppi # Parallel port interface device
#device vpo # Requires scbus and da
#device puc # Multi I/O cards and multi-channel UARTs
# PCI Ethernet NICs.
#device bxe # Broadcom BCM57710/BCM57711/BCM57711E 10Gb Ethernet
#device de # DEC/Intel DC21x4x (``Tulip'')
device em # Intel PRO/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Family
#device igb # Intel PRO/1000 PCIE Server Gigabit Family
#device ixgb # Intel PRO/10GbE Ethernet Card
#device le # AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx PCnet
#device ti # Alteon Networks Tigon I/II gigabit Ethernet
#device txp # 3Com 3cR990 (``Typhoon'')
#device vx # 3Com 3c590, 3c595 (``Vortex'')
# PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code.
# NOTE: Be sure to keep the 'device miibus' line in order to use these NICs!
device miibus # MII bus support
#device ae # Attansic/Atheros L2 FastEthernet
#device age # Attansic/Atheros L1 Gigabit Ethernet
#device alc # Atheros AR8131/AR8132 Ethernet
#device ale # Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Ethernet
#device bce # Broadcom BCM5706/BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet
#device bfe # Broadcom BCM440x 10/100 Ethernet
#device bge # Broadcom BCM570xx Gigabit Ethernet
#device cas # Sun Cassini/Cassini+ and NS DP83065 Saturn
#device dc # DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes
#device et # Agere ET1310 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet
#device fxp # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (82557, 82558)
#device gem # Sun GEM/Sun ERI/Apple GMAC
#device hme # Sun HME (Happy Meal Ethernet)
#device jme # JMicron JMC250 Gigabit/JMC260 Fast Ethernet
#device lge # Level 1 LXT1001 gigabit Ethernet
#device msk # Marvell/SysKonnect Yukon II Gigabit Ethernet
#device nfe # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet
#device nge # NatSemi DP83820 gigabit Ethernet
#device nve # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet Networking
#device pcn # AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100 (precedence over 'le')
#device re # RealTek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S
#device rl # RealTek 8129/8139
#device sf # Adaptec AIC-6915 (``Starfire'')
#device sge # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS190/191
#device sis # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016
#device sk # SysKonnect SK-984x & SK-982x gigabit Ethernet
#device ste # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)
#device stge # Sundance/Tamarack TC9021 gigabit Ethernet
#device tl # Texas Instruments ThunderLAN
#device tx # SMC EtherPower II (83c170 ``EPIC'')
#device vge # VIA VT612x gigabit Ethernet
#device vr # VIA Rhine, Rhine II
#device vte # DM&P Vortex86 RDC R6040 Fast Ethernet
#device wb # Winbond W89C840F
#device xl # 3Com 3c90x (``Boomerang'', ``Cyclone'')
# ISA Ethernet NICs. pccard NICs included.
#device cs # Crystal Semiconductor CS89x0 NIC
# 'device ed' requires 'device miibus'
#device ed # NE[12]000, SMC Ultra, 3c503, DS8390 cards
#device ex # Intel EtherExpress Pro/10 and Pro/10+
#device ep # Etherlink III based cards
#device fe # Fujitsu MB8696x based cards
#device ie # EtherExpress 8/16, 3C507, StarLAN 10 etc.
#device sn # SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet chips
#device xe # Xircom pccard Ethernet
# Wireless NIC cards
#device wlan # 802.11 support
#options IEEE80211_DEBUG # enable debug msgs
#options IEEE80211_AMPDU_AGE # age frames in AMPDU reorder q's
#options IEEE80211_SUPPORT_MESH # enable 802.11s draft support
#device wlan_wep # 802.11 WEP support
#device wlan_ccmp # 802.11 CCMP support
#device wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP support
#device wlan_amrr # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm
#device an # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs.
#device ath # Atheros NICs
#device ath_pci # Atheros pci/cardbus glue
#device ath_hal # pci/cardbus chip support
#options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors
#device ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath
#device bwi # Broadcom BCM430x/BCM431x wireless NICs.
#device bwn # Broadcom BCM43xx wireless NICs.
#device ipw # Intel 2100 wireless NICs.
#device iwi # Intel 2200BG/2225BG/2915ABG wireless NICs.
#device iwn # Intel 4965/1000/5000/6000 wireless NICs.
#device malo # Marvell Libertas wireless NICs.
#device mwl # Marvell 88W8363 802.11n wireless NICs.
#device ral # Ralink Technology RT2500 wireless NICs.
#device wi # WaveLAN/Intersil/Symbol 802.11 wireless NICs.
#device wl # Older non 802.11 Wavelan wireless NIC.
#device wpi # Intel 3945ABG wireless NICs.
# Pseudo devices.
device loop # Network loopback
device random # Entropy device
#options PADLOCK_RNG # VIA Padlock RNG
#options RDRAND_RNG # Intel Bull Mountain RNG
device ether # Ethernet support
device vlan # 802.1Q VLAN support
device tun # Packet tunnel.
device pty # BSD-style compatibility pseudo ttys
device md # Memory "disks"
device gif # IPv6 and IPv4 tunneling
device faith # IPv6-to-IPv4 relaying (translation)
device firmware # firmware assist module
# The `bpf' device enables the Berkeley Packet Filter.
# Be aware of the administrative consequences of enabling this!
# Note that 'bpf' is required for DHCP.
device bpf # Berkeley packet filter
# USB support
options USB_DEBUG # enable debug msgs
device uhci # UHCI PCI->USB interface
device ohci # OHCI PCI->USB interface
device ehci # EHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 2.0)
device xhci # XHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 3.0)
device usb # USB Bus (required)
#device udbp # USB Double Bulk Pipe devices (needs netgraph)
#device uhid # "Human Interface Devices"
#device ukbd # Keyboard
#device ulpt # Printer
device umass # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
#device ums # Mouse
#device urio # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player
# USB Serial devices
#device u3g # USB-based 3G modems (Option, Huawei, Sierra)
#device uark # Technologies ARK3116 based serial adapters
#device ubsa # Belkin F5U103 and compatible serial adapters
#device uftdi # For FTDI usb serial adapters
#device uipaq # Some WinCE based devices
#device uplcom # Prolific PL-2303 serial adapters
#device uslcom # SI Labs CP2101/CP2102 serial adapters
#device uvisor # Visor and Palm devices
#device uvscom # USB serial support for DDI pocket's PHS
# USB Ethernet, requires miibus
#device aue # ADMtek USB Ethernet
#device axe # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet
#device cdce # Generic USB over Ethernet
#device cue # CATC USB Ethernet
#device kue # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet
#device rue # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet
#device udav # Davicom DM9601E USB
# USB Wireless
#device rum # Ralink Technology RT2501USB wireless NICs
#device run # Ralink Technology RT2700/RT2800/RT3000 NICs.
#device uath # Atheros AR5523 wireless NICs
#device upgt # Conexant/Intersil PrismGT wireless NICs.
#device ural # Ralink Technology RT2500USB wireless NICs
#device urtw # Realtek RTL8187B/L wireless NICs
#device zyd # ZyDAS zd1211/zd1211b wireless NICs
# Sound support
#device sound # Generic sound driver (required)
#device snd_cmi # CMedia CMI8338/CMI8738
#device snd_csa # Crystal Semiconductor CS461x/428x
#device snd_emu10kx # Creative SoundBlaster Live! and Audigy
#device snd_es137x # Ensoniq AudioPCI ES137x
#device snd_hda # Intel High Definition Audio
#device snd_ich # Intel, NVidia and other ICH AC'97 Audio
#device snd_uaudio # USB Audio
#device snd_via8233 # VIA VT8233x Audio
# VirtIO support
#device virtio # Generic VirtIO bus (required)
#device virtio_pci # VirtIO PCI Interface
#device vtnet # VirtIO Ethernet device
#device virtio_blk # VirtIO Block device
#device virtio_scsi # VirtIO SCSI device
#device virtio_balloon # VirtIO Memory Balloon device
/boot/loader.conf 配置
有些硬件的驱动没有写入内核文件，而是通过模块引导，像无线网卡、蓝牙、SD卡等。X61的无线网卡是iwn，X200的无线网卡是ath，用户根据机器的具体情况改写下面的 /boot/loader.conf 配置。
#boot_verbose="-v" # provide more dmesg information autoboot_delay="1" # Set wait time to 1 second loader_logo="beastie" # The color logo of FreeBSD cuse4bsd_load="YES" ############################ ## Load necessary modules ## ############################ cpuctl_load="YES" # CPU Throttling coretemp_load="YES" # Thermal Monitoring #linprocfs_load="YES" # Linux proc #linsysfs_load="YES" # Linux sysfs acpi_ibm_load="YES" # acpi for IBM ThinkPad acpi_video_load="YES" # ACPI Video Extensions driver snd_hda_load="YES" # sound card, comment out if in kernel speaker_load="YES" # console speaker device driver ##################### ### Bluetooth USB ### ##################### #ubtbcmfw_load="YES # Firmware loader for Broadcom Bluetooth #ng_ubt_load="YES" # Bluetooth driver ################ ### Wireless ### ################ wlan_scan_ap_load="YES" # Wireless wlan_scan_sta_load="YES" # Wireless if_ath_load="YES" # Internal LAN module if_ath_pci_load="YES" # For Thinkpad X61 wlan_wep_load="YES" wlan_ccmp_load="YES" wlan_tkip_load="YES" #################### ## SD card reader ## #################### #sdhci_load="YES" #mmcsd_load="YES" #mmc_load="YES" ########################## ### End of loader.conf ### ##########################
有关声卡的一点小注记
在 /boot/device.hints 里添加
# snd_hda hint.pcm.0.vol="85" hint.hdac.0.cad0.nid26.config="as=1" hint.hdac.0.cad0.nid22.config="as=1 seq=15" hint.hdac.0.cad0.nid29.config="as=2" hint.hdac.0.cad0.nid24.config="as=3"
后记
Thinkpad T42（CPU: Intel(R) Pentium(R) M processor 1.70GHz，内存 1G）是我的 workhorse，它是 IBM Thinkpad 被 Lenovo 收购前最后一批机器，我是 2005 年买的，一直用到2011年底才换掉。除了光驱和电池（只能坚持15分钟了）之外，一切都牛X如初。“好马配好鞍”，FreeBSD + T42 非常地争气，它们从来没让我失望过。有人把机器和 OS 看作玩具，有人把它们看作事业，而它们对于我就是养家糊口的工具（有点世俗……），我不知该用什么形容。
题外话：鸡肋是“食之无味，弃之可惜”，光驱连鸡肋都不如。在北美、欧洲，由于对媒体版权的保护，光驱还在残喘，一旦网络媒体发行发生革命，光驱就会被历史淘汰。平时，我几乎不用光驱。考虑到FreeBSD对硬件的支持的滞后性，以及USB安装已经成为FreeBSD的主流安装方式，我建议大家买不带光驱的二手笔记本电脑。当然，事先必须上网调查一下FreeBSD对该款电脑的硬件支持是否好，否则买了后悔。